Jonathan Lozano-Oviedo, Cristián E. Cortés, Pablo Maya-Duque, Pablo A. Rey & Juan G. Villegas
Abstract
Sustainable closed-loop supply chains (SCLSCs) are becoming increasingly important due to emerging regulations on sustainability, the circular economy (CE), and extended producer responsibility (EPR), particularly in the beverage sector, where the use of returnable packaging is prevalent. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization model for the tactical planning of a real-case SCLSC in Colombia, integrating Circular Transition Indicators (CTIs) to assess the circularity of primary packaging. The model incorporates circular flow performance in one of the objective functions and enforces EPR-related constraints, such as minimum recovery rates for packaging waste. Goal programming is applied to solve the inherently multi-objective problem. Validation in a case study using real-world industry data demonstrates that compliance with EPR regulations, combined with the integration of circular aspects, enhances circularity while maintaining economic and social performance. This work demonstrates the practical value of combining multi-objective optimization with circularity metrics and regulatory compliance, providing a decision-making framework for sustainable, returnable packaging supply chains. The novelty lies in linking tactical supply chain planning, circularity indicators, and EPR policy compliance within a single multi-objective optimization model, which simultaneously minimizes costs, maximizes labor opportunities, and maximizes circular flow performance. This approach offers actionable insights for both industry practitioners and researchers aiming to advance sustainable closed-loop operations.
